The southern end of Africa and noted that the coast beyond the cape In January 1488, the Portuguese navigator BartolomeuДias, Prince Henry's great-nephew, rounded the Cape of Good Hope at The Orient via a route around Africa that would effectively Their ultimate prize, however, would be a spice trade with Than pagan souls-gold, ivory, jewels, pepper, sugar, fish. Their exploitation of the African coast proved to be more compelling Zone and the prosperous kingdoms of Benin and Kongo. Northwest Africa, moving steadily southward towards the equatorial Meanwhile, with the cooperation of local rulers, they established fortified trading posts along the coast of On these islands, theyД®stablished sugar, indigo, and cotton plantations, worked by West Strategic interests deeper into the Atlantic. Madeira, and Cape Verdes-thereby thrusting their economic and The Canary Islands came to be called IsleГ±os.Д«y their kingвЂ™s brother, Prince Henry the Navigator, turned theirДЄttention to other islands off the African coast-the Azores, By the end of the century, most of the CanariesД«elonged to Castile. In the mid-1400s, the CastiliansДrove the Portuguese and Catalans from the islands and continued the conquest of Invaders, who turned on their allies and used them as slaves on Taking advantage of this, the Iberians used the Natives asДЄuxiliaries, and island after island fell to the determined The natives, called the Guanche, who had inhabited the islands for thousands of years, foughtДesperately to preserve their way of life, unique to each island. Islands-the 'Fortunate Islands' of antiquity-off the coast of west Africa. In the 1300s, the Portuguese and the Catalans explored and colonized the Canary Spirit compelled two Christian kingdoms in a once obscure corner ofД®urope to move southward towards the gold fields of the Guinea coast. Invention of the printing press, turned European eyes towards theДistant Orient, which some fancied could be reached by an all-water Polo, widely circulated among western literati a century before the Meanwhile, the exploits of Venetian merchant Marco The Pisans, taking advantage of improvements in ocean navigation, opened new trade routes via the Strait of Gibraltar with The eastern Mediterranean, the Italians, especially the Genoese and New ideas as well as new products flowed through the ports of ItalyДЄnd southern France, igniting a Renaissance of art and ideas that Trade routes that had not seen so much use since Roman times. The ItalianД¬ity-states of Genoa, Pisa, and Venice exploited the Mediterranean Intellectually from the crusading effort. To the tenacious Muslims, Europe was benefiting both materially and By the 1300s, despite the loss of the Holy Land Lucrative trade between southwestern Europe and the cities of the

Merchants supplying and transporting the crusading armies had opened a Gradually lost their grip on the eastern Mediterranean, Italian Tenaciously to their Levantine principalities, but the Muslims Kingdom of Jerusalem, to satisfy their lust for territory as well as Mediterranean, they created European feudal states, especially the As they conquered the great cities of the eastern The knights ofДЇrance and other Christian kingdoms took up the papal challenge, andДЇour years later the Holy City fell to them in an orgy of blood andДЇought the Muslims of the Levant for material as well as spiritual To drive these non-believers from Jerusalem. Up the cross of their crucified redeemer, and hurry to the Holy Land

He urged the warriors of Christendom to strap on their swords, take Seljuk Turks, had seized the Levant and refused to allow Christians The pontiff, speaking fromД®mperor of the Eastern Roman Empire that a new breed of infidel, the Settled in and then removed themselves from North America, theД¬atholic pope stood before a council of bishops and In 1095,ДЄt the end of the century in which Norsemen from Greenland had Swept through Europe during two centuries of crusading in the eastern Mediterranean. Historians have long insisted, was the commercial revolution that Which c.1490 three different continents came to be connectedД«y Atlantic navigation could only have been led from Europe.' it seems safe to conclude that the process by The earliest stage of the internationalization of the world.'ДЄfter explaining in a recent history of the Atlantic World the differences between Europeans,ДЄfricans, and Americans on the eve of colonization, Joan-Pau RubiГ©sДЄdds: '. 01aД¬olonization of the Americas,' Gwendolyn Midlo Hall informs us, 'was BOOK THREE: Families, Migration, and the AcadianД«OOK ELEVEN: The Non-Acadian 'Cajun' Families of SouthД®nters the Port-Royal basin, June 1604.

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